What are the main types of reproduction?

The main types are sexual reproduction involving gametes and fertilization, and asexual reproduction without gametes.

Are these notes useful for competitive exams?

Yes, these notes cover essential topics for NEET, SSC, Railway, Police Bharti, and Class 10 board exams.

Do these notes explain fertilization in plants and animals?

Yes, they include detailed explanations of fertilization, reproductive strategies, and examples from both plants and animals.

1. What is reproduction and why is it necessary?

Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms produce new individuals of the same kind. It is necessary for species survival and continuity across generations.

2. What are the two main types of reproduction?

There areasexualreproduction (single parent; no fusion of gametes) andsexualreproduction (involves fusion of male and female gametes).

7. How do spores help reproduction in fungi?

Fungi produce numerous spores that disperse through air or water; when conditions are favourable, spores germinate to form new fungal individuals.

10. What are key features of sexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction involves meiosis to form gametes, fusion (fertilisation) of male & female gametes to form a zygote. It produces genetic variation among offspring.

13. What is pollination and what are its agents?

Pollination is transfer of pollen from anther to stigma. Agents include wind (anemophily), insects (entomophily), birds, bats, and humans (artificial pollination).

16. What is double fertilisation (in angiosperms)?

Double fertilisation: one male nucleus fuses with egg to form zygote (embryo) and another fuses with two polar nuclei to form endosperm (food reserve) — unique to flowering plants.

17. How are seeds and fruits formed after fertilisation?

After fertilisation, the zygote develops into embryo inside ovule, endosperm forms as food, seed coat forms — ovary matures into fruit protecting seeds and aiding dispersal.

33. What is alternation of generations in plants?

Alternation of generations: plant life cycle alternates between a multicellular haploid gametophyte (produces gametes) and a multicellular diploid sporophyte (produces spores). Seen in bryophytes and pteridophytes.

How do Organisms Reproduce — Class 10 Science Notes

🔹 Key Concepts

Asexual Reproduction: Binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation

Sexual Reproduction: Involves gametes, fertilization, zygote formation

Fertilization: Internal & external mechanisms

Reproductive Strategies: R-strategy & K-strategy in animals

Human Reproduction: Male & female reproductive systems

Topic	Example / Organism	Key Points
Asexual Reproduction	Hydra, Amoeba	Single parent, no gametes, rapid multiplication
Sexual Reproduction	Flowering Plants, Humans	Gametes fuse, genetic variation occurs
Fertilization	Internal (Human), External (Frog)	Union of sperm & egg, zygote formation

Topic

Example / Organism

Key Points

Asexual Reproduction

Hydra, Amoeba

Single parent, no gametes, rapid multiplication

Sexual Reproduction

Flowering Plants, Humans

Gametes fuse, genetic variation occurs

Fertilization

Internal (Human), External (Frog)

Union of sperm & egg, zygote formation

🧮 Practice Questions

Define asexual reproduction. ➡ Show Answer

What is fertilization? ➡ Show Answer

Explain R-strategy and K-strategy in animals. ➡ Show Answer

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction Human Reproduction Reproductive Health

NCERT Class 10 — Chapter Notes (Q&A)

📘 Introduction

🔹 Key Concepts

📊 Chapter Summary Table

🧮 Practice Questions

1. What is reproduction and why is it necessary?

2. What are the two main types of reproduction?

3. Name common methods of asexual reproduction.

4. What is binary fission? Give an example.

5. Explain budding with examples.

6. What is vegetative propagation? Give natural and artificial examples.

7. How do spores help reproduction in fungi?

8. What is fragmentation? Example in Spirogyra.

9. List advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction.

10. What are key features of sexual reproduction?

11. Define gamete. Give examples.

12. Distinguish external and internal fertilisation with examples.

13. What is pollination and what are its agents?

14. Differentiate self-pollination and cross-pollination.

15. Name main parts of a flower involved in reproduction (male & female).

16. What is double fertilisation (in angiosperms)?

17. How are seeds and fruits formed after fertilisation?

18. Name seed dispersal methods with examples.

19. What conditions are required for seed germination?

20. Why is vegetative propagation used in horticulture?

21. How does fragmentation benefit algae and seaweeds?

22. What is regeneration? Give examples.

23. What is parthenogenesis? Example organisms.

24. How is sex determined in humans and bees?

25. What is the placenta and its role in mammals?

26. What is ovulation?

27. Briefly name phases of menstrual cycle and the hormones involved.

28. What is semen composed of and its function?

29. List some contraception methods and their types.

30. What is infertility and what are modern treatments?

31. What is cloning? Example of animal cloning.

32. What are hermaphrodites? Give an example.

33. What is alternation of generations in plants?

34. What is parthenocarpy and why is it commercially useful?

35. What is sexual dimorphism? Give examples.

36. Briefly outline IVF (in vitro fertilisation).

37. What is amniocentesis used for?

38. What does reproductive health include?

39. Name common STIs and simple preventive measures.

40. What is a seed bank and why is it important?

41. What are advantages of sexual reproduction?

42. Where does fertilisation occur in humans and what follows?

43. What changes occur during puberty related to reproduction?

44. What is lactation and which hormones control it?

45. What is menopause?

46. Why is contraception important for society and health?

47. What are assisted reproductive technologies (ART)? Give examples and considerations.

48. How does sexual reproduction create genetic variation?

49. What is seed dormancy and its advantage?

50. Quick revision: High-yield points for "How do Organisms Reproduce?"